Endocrine and metabolic factors mediate this interaction ( 2). Surprisingly, there exists a paradox of greater prevalence of childhood and adult obesity at both ends of the birth weight spectrum ( 1).ДЇetal growth represents the culmination of interaction between the fetal genome and the in utero environment as determined by maternal-placental function. Postnatal growth rates are strongly influenced by a drive to compensate for intrauterine growth restriction or excess ( 1). We conclude that fetal growth biometrics determined by 2-D US do not provide a reliable assessment of %BF in term infants.Д®arly pre- and postnatal growth patterns have been linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and childhood and adult obesity. Newborn mid-thigh circumference (MTC cm) and ponderal index (PI weight, kg/length, cm 3) explained 21.8 and 14.4% of the variability in %BF, respectively, and gave the best stepwise linear regression model (%BF = 0.446 MTC + 0.347 PI в€’29.692 P < 0.001). EFW and fetal AC had the largest correlations with newborn %BF ( R 2 = 0.14 and 0.10, respectively P < 0.05) however, stepwise linear regression modeling did not identify any fetal biometric parameters as a significant predictor of newborn %BF. The mean %BF determined by plethysmography was 10.9 В± 4.8%. Serum insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, IGF binding protein-3, and leptin concentrations were measured in umbilical cord and maternal serum.

Fetal biometrics included biparietal diameter, femur length, head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC), and estimated fetal weight (EFW). Fetal biometrics by 2-D US and maternal blood samples were collected during late gestation (35 wk postmenstrual age) infants were measured within 72 h of birth.

A total of 47 mother/infant pairs were studied. Therefore, we explored relationships between term newborn percent body fat (%BF) measured by air displacement plethysmography to 2-dimensional ultrasound (2-D US) biometric measures of fetal growth and maternal and umbilical cord endocrine activity.

Air displacement plethysmography provides a safe, precise measure of adiposity and has recently been validated in infants. Noninvasive measures of fetal and neonatal body composition may provide early identification of children at risk for obesity.

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